Small Animal Pathology

Small Animal Pathology
for Veterinary
Technicians
Contents
About the Companion Website xi
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
The Veterinary Technician’s Role in
Pathology 1
Technician Duties and Required Skills 1
Diagnosis 3
Immunity 3
Factors Involved in Infectious Disease 4
Common Terminology Necessary for
Understanding Pathology 4
Chapter 2
Canine Infectious Disease 7
Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) or
Hard Pad Disease 7
Canine Parvovirus Type 2 (CPV-2) 10
Canine Adenovirus Type 1 (CAV-1) or
Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH) 13
Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis
or Kennel Cough 14
Leptospirosis 16
Canine Influenza Virus (CIV) or Dog Flu 18
Chapter 3
Feline Infectious Disease 21
Feline Panleukopenia (FPV), Feline
Distemper, Feline Parvo, Feline
Infectious Enteritis 21
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) 24
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
or Feline AIDS 27
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP or FIPV) 28
Feline Upper Respiratory Tract Infections 31
Toxoplasmosis 34
Chapter 4
Rabies 37
Rabies Virus 37
Chapter 5
Gastrointestinal Tract Disease 43
Oral Cavity 43
Periodontal Disease or Periodontitis 43
Papilloma or Puppy Warts 44viii Contents
Epulis 45
Oral Melanoma 45
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) 48
Oral Fibrosarcoma 49
Salivary Mucocele, Sialocele, or Salivary
Gland Cyst 51
Esophagus 52
Megaesophagus or Acquired Paralysis 52
Esophageal Obstructions or Foreign
Bodies 54
Vascular Ring Anomaly (VRA) or
Persistent Right Aortic Arch (PRAA) 55
Gastroesophageal Reflux 55
Stomach 56
Acute Gastritis 56
Gastric Ulcers 57
Gastrointestinal Obstructions 57
Pyloric Stenosis or Chronic
Hypertrophic Gastropathy 58
Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus (GDV) 60
Intestines 62
Intussusception 62
Linear Foreign Bodies 63
Inflammatory Bowel Disease 64
Megacolon 64
Intestinal Neoplasia 66
Liver 66
Cholangiohepatitis 66
Portal Systemic Shunt (PSS) or Portal
Caval Shunt 68
Feline Hepatic Lipidosis (FHL) or Fatty
Liver Disease 69
Hepatic Neoplasia 70
Pancreas 71
Acute Pancreatitis 71
Chronic Pancreatitis 73
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency or
Pancreatic Maldigestion 73
Pancreatic Neoplasia 74
Chapter 6
Urinary Tract Disease 77
Bacterial Cystitis or Urinary Tract
Infection 77
Pyelonephritis 78
Urolithiasis (Urinary Calculi or Urinary
Stones) 79
Urinary Obstruction or Blocked Tom
(Feline) 81
Feline Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) 83
Acute Renal Failure (ARF) 83
Chronic Renal Failure (CRF), Chronic
Kidney Disease (CKD), or Chronic
Renal Disease (CRD) 85
Chapter 7
Reproductive Disease 87
Vaginitis 87
Pyometra 88
Dystocia 89
Mastitis 90
Mammary Neoplasia 90
Prostate Disease 91
Testicular Disease 92
Male Reproductive Neoplasia 93
Chapter 8
Endocrine Disease 95
Hyperthyroidism 95
Hypothyroidism 96
Hyperadrenocorticism or Cushing’s
Disease/Syndrome 97
Hypoadrenocorticism or Addison’s
Disease 99
Diabetes Mellitus or Sugar Diabetes 100
Diabetes Insipidus (DI), or Weak
or Watery Diabetes 102
Chapter 9
Ocular Disease 105
Conjunctivitis or Pink Eye 105
Epiphora 106
Third Eyelid Prolapse or Cherry Eye 107Contents ix
Entropion/Ectropion 108
Glaucoma 109
Corneal Ulcers 111
Chronic Superficial Keratitis or Pannus 112
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca or Dry Eye 112
Anterior Uveitis, Iridocyclitis, or Soft Eye 113
Cataracts 113
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) or
Progressive Retinal Degeneration (PRD) 114
Chapter 10
Integumentary Disease 117
Parasitic Skin Infections 117
Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD) 117
Ticks 119
Otodetic Mange or Ear Mites 120
Sarcoptes or Scabies or Sarcoptic
Mange 121
Demodex or Demodetic Mange
or Demodicosis 122
Pediculosis or Lice 123
Cuterebra Larvae or Botfly Larvae 124
Facultative Myiasis-Producing Flies
or Maggots 125
Fungal Skin Infections 126
Yeast 126
Dermatophytosis or Ringworm 127
Miscellaneous Skin Disorders 129
Pyoderma or Bacterial Folliculitis 129
Seborrhea 129
Acute Moist Dermatitis or Traumatic
Dermatitis or Hot Spots 130
Atopy or Allergic Dermatitis 131
Food Allergy 133
Epidermal Inclusion Cysts or
Sebaceous Cysts 134
Feline Acne 134
Neoplasias Originating from the Skin
and Associated Structures 135
Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumor 135
Cutaneous Histiocytoma 137
Melanoma 137
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma 138
Lipoma 139
Chapter 11
Musculoskeletal Disease 141
Bone Fractures 141
Osteosarcoma (OSA) 143
Panosteitis (Pano) 146
Osteoarthritis or Degenerative
Joint Disease (DJD) 146
Hip Dysplasia 148
Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) 151
Patellar Luxation 152
Cranial or Anterior Cruciate Ligament
(CCL or ACL) Rupture or Cranial
Cruciate Ligament Disease (CCLD) 153
Intervertebral Disk Disease (IVDD) 156
Myasthenia Gravis 159
Chapter 12
Hematologic and Lymph Disease 163
Erythrocyte Disorders 163
Anemia 163
Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia
(IMHA) 166
Absolute Erythrocytosis
or Polycythemia 168
Leukocyte and Lymph Disorders 169
Malignant Lymphoma or
Lymphosarcoma (LSA) 169
Multiple Myeloma (Plasma Cell
Tumor) 170
Chylothorax 171
Thrombocyte and Coagulation
Disorders 172
Primary Immune-Mediated
Thrombocytopenia (PIMT) or
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia 172
Hemophilia 172
von Willebrand’s Disease 173
Disseminated Intravascular
Coagulopathy 174
Rodenticide Toxicity 175
Feline Aortic Thromboembolism
(FATE) or Feline Saddle Thrombus 176x Contents
Chapter 13
Diseases of Rabbits, Guinea Pigs,
and Chinchillas 179
Urolithiasis/Bladder Sludge 179
Gastric Stasis 181
Ulcerative Pododermatitis, Bumblefoot,
or Sore Hock 182
Malocclusion or Slobbers 183
Heat Stroke 185
Respiratory Infection 185
Mastitis 186
Rabbit Hairballs or Trichobezoar 187
Rabbit Buphthalmia 188
Rabbit Uterine Adenocarcinoma 188
Scurvy 190
Antibiotic-Associated Enterotoxemia 190
Streptococcal Lymphadenitis, Cervical
Lymphadenitis, or Lumps 191
Cavian Cytomegalovirus (CMV) 192
Cavian Leukemia/Lymphosarcoma 192
Guinea Pig Dystocia 193
Chinchilla Fur Slip and Fur Chewing 193
Chinchilla Gastric Tympany (Bloat) 194
Chapter 14
Diseases of Ferrets 197
Pancreatic Beta Cell Tumor or
Insulinoma 197
Adrenal Disease or
Hyperadrenocorticism 198
Aplastic Anemia/Estrogen Toxicity 200
Lymphoma/Lymphosarcoma 201
Influenza 202
Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis (ECE)
or Green Slime Diarrhea 202
Ferret Systemic Coronavirus (FRSCV)
or Ferret FIP 203
Canine Distemper 204
Gastric Foreign Bodies 205
Chapter 15
Diseases of Hamsters, Gerbils, and Rats 207
Malocclusions 207
Proliferative Ileitis, Proliferative
Enteritis, or Wet Tail 209
Antibiotic-Associated Enterotoxemia or
Clostridial Enteropathy 210
Tyzzer’s Disease or Clostridium
piliforme 210
Respiratory Infections 211
Neoplasia 212
Ulcerative Pododermatitis or
Bumblefoot 213
Chromodacryorrhea or Red Tears 215
Arteriolar Nephrosclerosis or Hamster
Nephrosis or Renal Failure 216
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
(LCMV) 216
Gerbil Epileptiform Seizures 217
Gerbil Tail Slip or Tail Degloving 217
Index 21
Small Animal Pathology
Small Animal Pathology
for Veterinary
Technicians